Epidemiological investigations of trichostrongylid infections in young cattle in different parts of Norway

The occurrence of trichostrongylid nematodes in young cattle was studied in relation to climate and geographical location, by examination of herbage and faecal samples from 8 farms in 7 different regions in Norway, during 3 consecutive summers. Species of Ostertagia and Cooperia were dominant. Infective larvae, especially those of Ostertagia, were able to survive the winter in the pasture to a great extent in all the areas studied. The spring larval counts varied considerably from place to place, and from year to year, but were often at fairly high levels. This confirms previous findings that the larvae which overwinter on the pasture may be a major cause of losses. Overt clinical disease, however, was only seen at 1 farm during this investigation.The large number of larvae often seen in the autumn seems to be of less significance as a cause of disease, due to the late appearance, but is of major importance as a source of the larvae which survive the winter in the pasture and infect young cattle the following spring.There was no obvious correlation between pasture larval counts and the climate, except that there seemed to be higher counts in the warmer parts of the country, where the grazing season is also longer. The only place were both faecal egg counts and larval counts in the herbage were consistently low, was in the very far north.     

SILVER IMPREGNATION IN SITU

In evaluating radiographs of the limb joints and head, students encounter difficulty where superimposition occurs. By replacing calcium with silver salts in the bone, enhanced radiopacity can be produced. In this study, silver impregnation was used to increase the radiopacity of individual carpal and tarsal bones, selected bones of the skull and the sinuses, and guttural pouch of the horse. This provides an interpretation aid for teaching radiographic anatomy of these regions.     

隐孢子虫病两种诊断方法的应用比较

目的对目前常用的两种检测隐孢子虫感染方法进行估价。方法取上海某牧场随机采集的20头奶牛粪便用改良抗酸染色法和巢式PCR(Nested PCR)法检测。结果两种方法均能检测出粪便中的隐孢子虫卵囊,改良抗酸染色法阳性检测率55%,Nested PCR法阳性检测率70%。结论:两种方法均能从感染隐孢子虫的奶牛粪便中捡出隐孢子虫卵囊,可根据需要选择。     

用间接免疫荧光染色法检测鸭病毒性肠炎病毒在人工感染鸭体内的侵染过程和分布规律

用鸭病毒性肠炎病毒（DEV）CHv强毒株感染成年鸭复制鸭病毒性肠炎急性病例,分别于接种后不同时间,取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胸腺、食道、十二指肠、胰腺、法氏囊和脑组织,制作切片,应用间接免疫荧光染色法（IFA）检测DEV在鸭体内的侵染过程和分布规律。结果显示：感染后4 h可在脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊中检测到DEV抗原;感染后6 h可在肝脏、食道、十二指肠、直肠及肺脏检测到DEV抗原;IFA对各组织器官中DEV的平均检出率为肝脏46/50、脾脏48/50、肺脏46/50、肾脏0/50、肠道46/50、法氏囊46/50、胸腺47/50、胰腺0/50、大脑0/50、食道44/50、心脏0/50。研究表明：在急性病例中,脾脏、法氏囊、胸腺、食道、肠道、肝脏和肺脏为DEV的主要靶器官;接种后,病毒首先在脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊中出现,然后病毒迅速传播到肝脏、消化道和肺脏中;IFA检测石蜡切片中DEV的方法具有直观、特异性强的优点,是对DEV进行检测和抗原定位的较好方法。     

不同水平的亚硒酸钠对鸡心肌组织硒沉积及组织结构的影响

通过在公鸡日粮中添加不同水平的亚硒酸钠,研究硒在公鸡心肌组织中的沉积量和对其组织结构功能的影响,以期为亚硒酸钠在禽类生产中的应用提供参考依据。试验选取80只体重接近、健康无疾病的海兰白成年公鸡,随机分成4组,每组20只,分别在日粮中添加0、0.3、0.6和1.0 mg/kg的亚硒酸钠。试验结束时,采集心组织样本,测定硒含量,并通过HE染色观察组织细胞结构。结果表明,公鸡心肌组织中硒含量随日粮硒含量的增加而升高。由此得出,公鸡心肌组织的硒含量随着日粮硒水平的增加而逐渐升高,高硒日粮对心肌组织的结构有一定影响,但由于硒在心肌组织中的沉积能力与其他组织相比较差,因此影响并不明显。     

Effects of silvering state on induced maturation and spawning in wild female Japanese eel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla japonica</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   The effects of silvering state of wild female Japanese eels Anguilla japonica on the success of induced maturation and the following spawning were examined. Thirty-eight females, collected in Mikawa Bay, were divided into four stages based on their silvering state: yellow (Y1), late-yellow (Y2), silver (S1) and late silver eels (S2). Despite injections of salmon pituitary extract (SPE) through the standard technique, Y1 and Y2 eels did not respond to the treatment with undeveloped gonad (gonad-somatic index [GSI]: 0.3–0.9), and all these females died by 5 weeks, probably due to an abnormal physiological condition. Most S1 (81%) and S2 eels (100%) matured completely (GSI: 17.8–51.4), and finally spawned successfully (69% for S1, 89% for S2). S2 eels fully matured with oocytes of over 750 μm in diameter by significantly smaller number of injections of SPE (5–6 times) than the case of S1 eels (6–8 times). The amount of eggs released by S2 eels (0.65 ± 0.11 g/fish per body weight [BW]) was significantly larger than those by S1 eels (0.54 ± 0.09 g/fish per BW). There was no difference in fertilization and hatching rates between eggs released by S1 eels and those of S2 eels. These results indicate that the success of induced maturation and spawning in wild female Japanese eels depends on their silvering state, and matured eggs can be obtained efficiently through the use of S2 eels rather than other stages.     

梨叶片中苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的引物原位标记检测

 选用带苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的香梨叶片，制备成适合进行原位RT-PCR的石蜡切片。设计特异引物，利用引物原位标记技术对切片组织中的病毒进行了检测研究，结果表明，PRINS-FITC染色法和PRINS-Rhodamine染色法均能获得良好的检测效果，有病毒部位分别显示绿色荧光和红色荧光，而且荧光出现的位置与原位RT-PCR检测的结果一致。由此证明引物原位标记技术可用于果树病毒的原位检测。     

用LSAB免疫组化染色法检测猪生殖-呼吸道综合征病毒抗原的研究

本研究在国内首次成功建立了辣根过氧化物酶标记的链霉亲和素-生物素（LSAB）免疫组化染色法检测猪生殖-呼吸道综合征病毒（PRRSV）抗原。应用LSAB染色技术检测12头人工感染PRRSV美洲株（ATCCVR-2332）或国内分离株（B96-4，B96-5）的SPF仔猪组织细胞内的PRRSV抗原，阳性检出率为100％。LSAB免疫组化染色法操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性强，结果清晰、稳定、重复性好，是一种检测组织细胞内PRRSV抗原的有效方法。     

银染mRNA差异显示方法在致突变实验中的初步应用

为建立在药物致突变研究中应用银染 m RNA差异显示的方法 ,试验提取未经过 /经过环磷酰胺处理的 Balb/c小鼠肝组织的总 RNA ,并以此为模板 ,采用 d T1 2 CG、d T1 2 AG、d T1 2 GG为锚定引物 ,通过反转录、差异显示 PCR反应 ,以 6 %变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离差异条带 ,回收后将其再扩增。结果表明 ,RNA投入量为 3μg、镁离子浓度为 1.5～ 2 .0 mm ol/L、退火温度为 4 0℃时 ,扩增的片段条带清晰、背景低 ,差异条带明显 ,再扩增条带单一。银染 m RNA差异显示技术可成功应用于药物致突变的研究。     

Essential oil of Aloysia citriodora Paláu and citral: sedative and anesthetic efficacy and safety in Rhamdia quelen and Ctenopharyngodon idella

ObjectiveTo verify the efficacy of citral in inducing sedation and anesthesia in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and to assess the safety of essential oil (EO) of Aloysia citriodora and citral in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish.Study designClinical study, randomized, parallel, multi-arm with control group in target species.AnimalsA total of 96 juvenile and 72 adult silver catfish and 80 juvenile grass carp were used.MethodsSilver catfish and grass carp were exposed to different concentrations of citral, 15–675 and 15–600 μL L^–1, respectively, during the maximum period of 30 minutes to verify sedation and anesthesia induction and recovery times. In addition, for anesthetic induction, silver catfish were exposed to the EO of A. citriodora and citral at 225 μL L^–1 for 3.5 minutes. Then, fish were transferred to an anesthesia maintenance solution at 50 μL L^–1 for 10 minutes to assess hematologic and biochemical variables at 60 minutes, 2 and 6 days after treatment.ResultsCitral only induced sedation from 15, 25 and 40 μLL^–1 in both species. Anesthesia without mortality was induced in silver catfish at 50–600 μL L^–1 and grass carp at 75–450 μL L^–1. At 675 and 600 μL L^–1, mortality was recorded in silver catfish and grass carp, respectively. The EO of A. citriodora and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish, with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration being the only variable that varied in relation to time and treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCitral was effective in inducing sedation and anesthesia in both species. In addition, A. citriodora EO and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish. Both agents are promising substances for the development of new drugs for fish.